Penwortham, Lancashire nr Preston - St Marys Church - postcard c.1905

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^{Text from the free encyclopedia WIKIPEDIA may appear below to give a little background information (internal links may not  work) :}

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^{Penwortham (/ˈpɛnwərðəm/) is a town in South Ribble, Lancashire, England, on the south bank of the River Ribble facing the city of Preston. The town is at the most westerly crossing point of the river, with major road and rail links crossing it here. The population of the town at the 2011 census was 23,047.[1]}

^{The distinctive town name is derived from pen (meaning a hill), weid (meaning ford) and ham (meaning settlement) with earlier names of Peneverdant and Pendrecham in 1200; Penwrtham in 1204; Penuertham in 1212; Penwortham 1260 and Penewrthamn in 1292.[2]}

^{The town's history can be traced to pre-historic times with archaeological evidence showing that the ford at Middleforth was used to cross the Ribble. Penwortham was listed in the Domesday Book as "Penverdent". At the Norman conquest in 1066 the Barony was held by King Edward.[2] In the 12th century Penwortham was the head of a barony held by Warine Bussel which included a large part of Leyland Hundred and manors in West Derby and Amounderness. Penwortham Castle, a motte-and-bailey castle was built during the post-Norman conquest period overlooking the Ribble and its ford [2] by Roger of Poitou and served to guard the estuary and a ford crossing it. After Roger built Lancaster Castle, Penwortham declined in importance. Some evidence of this castle is still evident in St Mary's Churchyard but only the mound remains. In later centuries a manor house was built, but no evidence remains.}

^{The barony was acquired by Roger de Lacy in 1205, and descended as part of the Honour of Clitheroe to the Earls and Dukes of Lancaster and the Crown.[2] In the 16th century there were disputes about suit and service due to the court of Penwortham from the members of the fee. Charles I sold the royal manor to Edward Ditchfield and others in 1628 and it later passed to the Faringtons of Worden in Leyland. Courts were held until the late 19th century. Court rolls and books are kept at Worden Hall.[2] Penwortham Priory was built in the west of the town.}

^{Higher Penwortham has an old legend linked to it. The Fairy Funeral seen on the road through Penwortham Wood, was thought to forecast death.}

^{Penwortham Hall, formerly called "The Lodge", was built in 1801 by John Horrocks, founder of the Preston cotton-manufacturing industry. It was sold by his son Peter to William Marshall, whose son Frederick died in 1889. It was left by Frederick to his sister, the wife of Rev. T. Ross Finch.[2] The property, which is a Grade II listed building, is today used as a series of private dwellings.[3]}

^{The parish was part of Preston Rural District throughout its existence from 1894 to 1974.[4] In 1974 the parish became part of the Borough of South Ribble.}

^{Penwortham is one of the largest civil parishes by population in Lancashire, with a population of 23,436 recorded in the 2001 census.[5] The town's development closely resembles that of Preston.}

^{The Middleforth, Lower Penwortham, area was developed during the Victorian period which is evidenced by the large number of terrace housing along Leyland Road and the surrounding streets. Higher Penwortham is characterised by its 1920s and onwards, post-war semi-detached housing.}

^{In recent times there have been several new housing developments, especially around the Broad Oak Farm, Bee Lane, Kingsfold Drive, Stricklands Lane and Factory Lane areas of the town.}

^{St Mary's Church is in Church Avenue, Penwortham, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Leyland, the archdeaconry of Blackburn, and the diocese of Blackburn.[1]The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.[2]}

^{The oldest part of the church is the chancel which dates from the 14th century. The west tower was built in the 15th century.[2] The nave and aisles were rebuilt in 1855–56 by the Lancaster architect E. G. Paley.[3] As part of the restoration the roof was raised, and the north and west galleries were removed.[4] Between 2009 and 2011 the church was reordered, under-floor heating was installed, and the pews were replaced by chairs.[1]}

^{St Mary's is constructed in stone and has a slate roof. Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with north and south aisles, a south porch, a chancel, and a west tower. The tower has diagonal buttresses and a battlemented parapet with pinnacles. On its west side is a doorway, above which is a three-light window with Perpendicular tracery. Over the window is a niche with an ogee head and crocketed pinnacles. The bell openings have two lights and are louvred. On the sides of the nave are five two-light windows. There is a blocked priest's door in the south wall of the chancel, above which is a stone inscribed with the date 1653.[2]}

^{Inside the church, the arcades are carried on alternate round and octagonal piers. There is an ancient font dated 1667, which stands near to the pulpit and inscribed "T. R. 1667". It is believed to have been given by Thomas Robinson, vicar from 1653 to 1654. It may not have originally been a font at all, however, but instead a plague stone for disinfecting money or a vessel for the clergy to wash their hands following Holy Communion. It is square with chamfered corners, and stands on a square pillar. There is also a later font, of Caen stone, given by churchwarden Mr Norris of Howick House in 1865.}

^{The memorial tablets include one to the cotton manufacturer and politician John Horrocks who died in 1804[2] and who was buried in a railed tomb behind the church. There are fragments of early stained glass in the chancel windows.[2] Before the reordering of 2009–11 there were box pews of 1855 in the church, those in the aisles being arranged to face the centre of the church, rather than to the east end.[3] The organ is in the west gallery, and was installed there in 1959 by Jardines of Manchester.[4] The tower contains eight bells, all of which were cast in 1965 by Mears & Stainbank at the Whitechapel Bell Foundryreplacing an earlier octave comprising bells cast in 1712, 1891 and 1926.[5]}

^{Between 2009 and 2011 the church interior underwent significant re-ordering to install underfloor heating, as the old oil-fired boiler and associated hot water pipes were in a poor state of repair. The work involved the excavation of the entire floor in both nave and chancel, to allow installation of the new heating matrix. Before this could be done all fixtures and fittings, including pews, pulpit and choir stalls, were also removed. It was discovered, during excavation, that during the 19th century the nave had been extended to allow more room for the increasing population of Penwortham. The enlarged area extended over graves some of which were collapsed graves which and thus threatened to undermine the new floor foundations. Three crypts, containing the mortal remains of parishioners buried before 1856, were also discovered and were investigated by an archaeological team. Skeletal remains were removed for examination and were eventually re-interred in the largest of the crypts before the new floor was laid. The crypts had lain undiscovered since the destruction of records in a fire of 1856.}

^{To overcome the problem of collapsed graves in the nave, piling and concrete frames were installed to support the new floor. The heating matrix was installed and covered by stone flags. All of the flooring, both in the nave and the chancel, is now on one level. The pews were replaced by chairs and the church now has a light and airy interior, which allows more flexibility of use. During the re-ordering services were held in St. Mary's Church Hall on Cop Lane in the town. Following completion of the work a service of celebration was held on 19 June 2012.[citation needed]}

^{In the churchyard are four structures that have been designated as Grade II listed buildings. One of these is a gravestone dated 1682,[6] and another is a gravestone dated 1686.[7] To the south of the church is a sundial dated 1815.[8] John Horrocks has a second memorial, this being his tomb chest in the churchyard which is also a memorial to other members of his family. The tomb is Grade II listed.[9] The churchyard also contains the war graves of nine service personnel of World War I, and 13 of World War II.[10]}